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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dynamo</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Dynamo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dynamo (disambiguation)">Dynamo (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with a <a href="Dynamometer" title="Dynamometer">dynamometer</a>, a measurement device.</div>

<p>A <b>dynamo</b> is an <a href="Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">electrical generator</a> that creates <a href="Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> using a <a href="Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a>. Dynamos employed electromagnets for self-starting by using residual magnetic field left in the iron cores of electromagnets (i.e. <a href="Field_coil" title="Field coil">field coils</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lockwood_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockwood-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a dynamo were never run before, it was usual to use a separate battery to <a href="Excitation_(magnetic)" title="Excitation (magnetic)">excite</a> or <i>flash the field</i> of the electromagnets to enable self-starting.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lockwood_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockwood-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dynamos were the first practical electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later <a href="Electric_power_conversion" title="Electric power conversion">electric-power conversion</a> devices were based, including the <a href="Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>, the <a href="Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating-current</a> <a href="Alternator" title="Alternator">alternator</a>, and the <a href="Rotary_converter" title="Rotary converter">rotary converter</a>.

</p><p>Today, the simpler and more reliable <a href="Alternator" title="Alternator">alternator</a> dominates large scale <a href="Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">power generation</a>, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a <a href="Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">mechanical commutator</a>. Also, converting alternating to direct current using <a href="Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectifiers</a> (such as <a href="Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a> or more recently via <a href="Solid_state_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state (electronics)">solid state</a> technology) is effective and usually economical.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Induction_with_permanent_magnets">Induction with permanent magnets</h3></div>

<p>The operating principle of electromagnetic generators was discovered in the years 1831–1832 by <a href="Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>. The principle, later called <a href="Faraday's_law_of_induction" title="Faraday's law of induction">Faraday's law</a>, is that an <a href="Electromotive_force" title="Electromotive force">electromotive force</a> is generated in an electrical conductor which encircles a varying <a href="Magnetic_flux" title="Magnetic flux">magnetic flux</a>.

</p><p>He also built the first electromagnetic generator, called the <a href="Faraday_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday disk">Faraday disk</a>, a type of <a href="Homopolar_generator" title="Homopolar generator">homopolar generator</a>, using a <a href="Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> disc rotating between the poles of a horseshoe <a href="Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a>. It produced a small <a href="Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC voltage</a>. This was not a dynamo in the current sense, because it did not use a <a href="Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a>.

</p><p>This design was inefficient, due to self-cancelling counterflows of <a href="Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> in regions of the disk that were not under the influence of the magnetic field. While current was induced directly underneath the magnet, the current would circulate backwards in regions that were outside the influence of the magnetic field. This counterflow limited the power output to the pickup wires, and induced waste heating of the copper disc. Later homopolar generators would solve this problem by using an array of magnets arranged around the disc perimeter to maintain a steady field effect in one current-flow direction.

</p><p>Another disadvantage was that the output <a href="Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> was very low, due to the single current path through the magnetic flux. Faraday and others found that higher, more useful voltages could be produced by winding multiple turns of wire into a coil. Wire windings can conveniently produce any voltage desired by changing the number of turns, so they have been a feature of all subsequent generator designs, requiring the invention of the commutator to produce direct current.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_dynamos">First dynamos</h3></div>

<p>The first commutated dynamo was built in 1832 by <a href="Hippolyte_Pixii" title="Hippolyte Pixii">Hippolyte Pixii</a>, a French instrument maker. It used a <a href="Permanent_magnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent magnet">permanent magnet</a> which was rotated by a crank. The spinning magnet was positioned so that its north and south poles passed by a piece of iron wrapped with insulated wire.

</p><p>Pixii found that the spinning magnet produced a pulse of current in the wire each time a pole passed the coil. However, the north and south poles of the magnet induced currents in opposite directions. To convert the alternating current to DC, Pixii invented a <a href="Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a>, a split metal cylinder on the shaft, with two springy metal contacts that pressed against it.

</p>

<p>This early design had a problem: the electric current it produced consisted of a series of "spikes" or pulses of current separated by none at all, resulting in a low average power output. As with electric motors of the period, the designers did not fully realize the seriously detrimental effects of large air gaps in the magnetic circuit.

</p><p><a href="Antonio_Pacinotti" title="Antonio Pacinotti">Antonio Pacinotti</a>, an Italian physics professor, solved this problem around 1860 by replacing the spinning two-pole <a href="Axial_symmetry" title="Axial symmetry">axial</a> coil with a multi-pole <a href="Toroid" title="Toroid">toroidal</a> one, which he created by wrapping an iron ring with a continuous winding, connected to the commutator at many equally spaced points around the ring; the commutator being divided into many segments. This meant that some part of the coil was continually passing by the magnets, smoothing out the current.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Woolrich_Electrical_Generator" title="Woolrich Electrical Generator">Woolrich Electrical Generator</a> of 1844, now in <a href="Thinktank%2C_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinktank, Birmingham">Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum</a>, is the earliest electrical generator used in an industrial process.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used by the firm of <a href="Elkington_Silver_Electroplating_Works" title="Elkington Silver Electroplating Works">Elkingtons</a> for commercial <a href="Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self_excitation">Self excitation</h3></div>

<p>In 1827, independently of Faraday, Hungarian inventor <a href="%C3%81nyos_Jedlik" title="Ányos Jedlik">Ányos Jedlik</a> started experimenting with electromagnetic rotating devices which he called <a href="Jedlik's_dynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jedlik's dynamo">electromagnetic self-rotors</a>. In the prototype of the single-pole electric starter, both the stationary and the revolving parts were electromagnetic.

</p><p>Around 1856, six years before <a href="Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Siemens</a> and <a href="Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Wheatstone</a>, Ányos formulated the concept of the dynamo, but did not patent it as he thought he was not the first to realize the idea. Instead of permanent magnets, his dynamo used two electromagnets placed opposite to each other in order to induce a magnetic field around the rotor.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon,_1998_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon,_1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was also the discovery of the principle of dynamo <a href="Self-excitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-excitation">self-excitation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which replaced permanent magnet designs.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practical_designs">Practical designs</h3></div>

<p>The dynamo was the first electrical generator capable of delivering power for industry. The modern dynamo, fit for use in industrial applications, was invented by <a href="Henry_Wilde_(engineer)" title="Henry Wilde (engineer)">Henry Wilde</a> with his paper presented to The Royal Society by Michael Faraday on 26th March 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was independently invented by <a href="Sir_Charles_Wheatstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Wheatstone">Sir Charles Wheatstone</a>, <a href="Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> and <a href="Samuel_Alfred_Varley" title="Samuel Alfred Varley">Samuel Alfred Varley</a>. Varley took out a patent on 24 December 1866, while Siemens and Wheatstone both announced their discoveries on 17 January 1867, by delivering papers at the <a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Siemens1867_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siemens1867-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wheatstone1867_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheatstone1867-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The "dynamo-electric machine" employed self-powering electromagnetic field coils rather than permanent magnets to create the stator field. Wheatstone's design was similar to Siemens', with the difference that in the Siemens design the stator electromagnets were in series with the rotor, but in Wheatstone's design they were in parallel.<sup id="cite_ref-Siemens1867_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siemens1867-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wheatstone1867_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheatstone1867-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of electromagnets rather than permanent magnets greatly increased the power output of a dynamo and enabled high power generation for the first time. This invention led directly to the first major industrial uses of electricity. For example, in the 1870s Siemens used electromagnetic dynamos to power <a href="Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">electric arc furnaces</a> for the production of metals and other materials.

</p><p>The dynamo machine that was developed consisted of a stationary structure, which provides the magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings which turn within that field. On larger machines the constant magnetic field is provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.

</p>

<p><a href="Z%C3%A9nobe_Gramme" title="Zénobe Gramme">Zénobe Gramme</a> reinvented Pacinotti's design in 1871 when designing the first commercial power plants operated in <a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. An advantage of Gramme's design was a better path for the <a href="Magnetic_flux" title="Magnetic flux">magnetic flux</a>, by filling the space occupied by the magnetic field with heavy iron cores and minimizing the air gaps between the stationary and rotating parts. The <a href="Gramme_dynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramme dynamo">Gramme dynamo</a> was one of the first machines to generate commercial quantities of power for industry.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further improvements were made on the Gramme ring, but the basic concept of a spinning endless loop of wire remains at the heart of all modern dynamos.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Charles_F._Brush" title="Charles F. Brush">Charles F. Brush</a> assembled his first dynamo in the summer of 1876 using a horse-drawn <a href="Treadmill" title="Treadmill">treadmill</a> to power it. Brush's design modified the <a href="Gramme_dynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramme dynamo">Gramme dynamo</a> by shaping the ring armature like a disc rather than a cylinder shape. The field electromagnets were also positioned on the sides of the armature disc rather than around the circumference.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotary_converters">Rotary converters</h3></div>

<p>After dynamos and motors were found to allow easy conversion back and forth between mechanical or electrical power, they were combined in devices called <a href="Rotary_converters" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary converters">rotary converters</a>, rotating machines whose purpose was not to provide mechanical power to loads but to convert one type of electric current into another, for example <a href="Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> into <a href="Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a>. They were multi-field single-rotor devices with two or more sets of rotating contacts (either commutators or sliprings, as required), one to provide power to one set of armature windings to turn the device, and one or more attached to other windings to produce the output current.

</p><p>The rotary converter can directly convert, internally, any type of electric power into any other. This includes converting between direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC), <a href="Three_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Three phase">three phase</a> and <a href="Single-phase_electric_power" title="Single-phase electric power">single phase</a> power, 25 Hz AC and 60 Hz AC, or many different output voltages at the same time. The size and mass of the rotor was made large so that the rotor would act as a <a href="Flywheel" title="Flywheel">flywheel</a> to help smooth out any sudden surges or dropouts in the applied power.

</p><p>The technology of rotary converters was replaced in the early 20th century by <a href="Mercury-arc_valve" title="Mercury-arc valve">mercury-vapor rectifiers</a>, which were smaller, did not produce vibration and noise, and required less maintenance. The same conversion tasks are now performed by <a href="Solid_state_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state (electronics)">solid state</a> <a href="Power_semiconductor_device" title="Power semiconductor device">power semiconductor devices</a>. Rotary converters remained in use in the West Side <a href="Interborough_Rapid_Transit_Company" title="Interborough Rapid Transit Company">IRT subway</a> in <a href="Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> into the late 1960s, and possibly some years later. They were powered by 25 Hz AC, and provided DC at 600 volts for the trains.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations_and_decline">Limitations and decline</h3></div>

<p><a href="Direct_current" title="Direct current">Direct current</a> machines like dynamos and commutated DC motors have higher maintenance costs and power limitations than <a href="Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC) machines due to their use of the <a href="Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a>. These disadvantages are:

</p>

<ul><li>The sliding friction between the brushes and commutator consumes power, which can be significant in a low power dynamo.</li>

<li>Due to friction, the brushes and copper commutator segments wear down, creating dust. Large commutated machines require regular replacement of brushes and occasional resurfacing of the commutator. Commutated machines cannot be used in low particulate or sealed applications or in equipment that must operate for long periods without maintenance.</li>

<li>The <a href="Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">resistance</a> of the sliding contact between brush and commutator causes a voltage drop called the "brush drop". This may be several volts, so it can cause large power losses in low voltage, high current machines (see the huge commutator of the 7 volt electroplating dynamo in the adjacent picture). Alternating current motors, which do not use commutators, are much more efficient.</li>

<li>There is a limit to the maximum current density and voltage which can be switched with a commutator. Very large direct current machines, say, with megawatt power ratings, cannot be built with commutators. The largest motors and generators are all alternating-current machines.</li>

<li>The switching action of the commutator causes <a href="Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">sparking</a> at the contacts, posing a fire hazard in explosive atmospheres, and generating <a href="Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic interference</a>.</li></ul>

<p>Although direct current dynamos were the first source of electric power for industry, they had to be located close to the factories that used their power. Electricity could only be distributed over distances economically as alternating current (AC), through the use of the <a href="Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a>. With the 1890s conversion of electric power systems to alternating current, during the 20th century dynamos were replaced by <a href="Alternator" title="Alternator">alternators</a>, and are now almost obsolete.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

<p>The word 'dynamo' (from the Greek word <i>dynamis</i> (δύναμις), meaning force or power) was originally another name for an <a href="Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">electrical generator</a>, and still has some regional usage as a replacement for the word generator. The word was coined in 1831 by <a href="Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, who utilized his invention toward making many discoveries in <a href="Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> (Faraday discovered electrical induction) and <a href="Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The original "dynamo principle" of <a href="Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> referred only to the direct current generators which use exclusively the <a href="Excitation_(magnetic)" title="Excitation (magnetic)">self-excitation</a> (self-induction) principle to generate DC power. The earlier DC generators which used permanent magnets were not considered "dynamo electric machines".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention of the dynamo principle (self-induction) was a major technological leap over the old traditional permanent magnet based DC generators. The discovery of the dynamo principle made industrial scale electric power generation technically and economically feasible.

After the invention of the <a href="Alternator" title="Alternator">alternator</a> and that <a href="Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> can be used as a power supply, the word <i>dynamo</i> became associated exclusively with the '<a href="Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutated</a> direct current electric generator', while an AC electrical generator using either <a href="Slip_ring" title="Slip ring">slip rings</a> or rotor magnets would become known as an <a href="Alternator" title="Alternator">alternator</a>.

</p><p>A small electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel to power lights is called a <a href="Hub_dynamo" title="Hub dynamo">hub dynamo</a>, although these are invariably AC devices, and are actually <a href="Magneto" title="Magneto">magnetos</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

<p>The electric dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric <a href="Current_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Current (electricity)">current</a> through <a href="Faraday's_law_of_induction" title="Faraday's law of induction">Faraday's law of induction</a>. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the <a href="Stator" title="Stator">stator</a>, which provides a constant <a href="Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>, and a set of rotating windings called the <a href="Armature_(electrical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armature (electrical engineering)">armature</a> which turn within that field. Due to Faraday's law of induction, the motion of the wire within the magnetic field creates an <a href="Electromotive_force" title="Electromotive force">electromotive force</a>, which pushes on the electrons in the metal, creating an <a href="Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> in the wire. On small machines, the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more <a href="Permanent_magnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent magnet">permanent magnets</a>; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more <a href="Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnets</a>, which are usually called <i><a href="Field_coil" title="Field coil">field coils</a></i>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commutation">Commutation</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">Commutator (electric)</a></div>

<p>The <i>commutator</i> is needed to produce <a href="Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a>. When a loop of wire rotates in a magnetic field, the <a href="Magnetic_flux" title="Magnetic flux">magnetic flux</a> through it—and thus the potential induced in it—reverses with each half turn, generating an <a href="Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a>. However, in the early days of electric experimentation, <a href="Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as <a href="Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a>, used direct current provided by messy liquid <a href="Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a>. Dynamos were invented as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is essentially a rotary <a href="Switch" title="Switch">switch</a>. It consists of a set of contacts mounted on the machine's shaft, combined with graphite-block stationary contacts, called "brushes," because the earliest such fixed contacts were metal brushes. The commutator reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit when the potential reverses — so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is produced.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excitation">Excitation</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Excitation_(magnetic)" title="Excitation (magnetic)">Excitation (magnetic)</a></div>

<p>The earliest dynamos used <a href="Permanent_magnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent magnet">permanent magnets</a> to create the magnetic field. These were referred to as "magneto-electric machines" or <a href="Magneto" title="Magneto">magnetos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockwood_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockwood-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, researchers found that stronger magnetic fields — and thus more power — could be produced by using <a href="Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnets</a> (field coils) on the stator.<sup id="cite_ref-Schellen_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schellen-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were called "dynamo-electric machines" or dynamos.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockwood_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockwood-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The field coils of the stator were originally <i>separately excited</i> by a separate, smaller, dynamo or magneto. An important development by <a href="Henry_Wilde_(engineer)" title="Henry Wilde (engineer)">Wilde</a> and <a href="Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Siemens</a> was the discovery (by 1866) that a dynamo could also <a href="Bootstrapping" title="Bootstrapping">bootstrap</a> itself to be <i>self-excited</i>, using current generated by the dynamo itself. This allowed the growth of a much more powerful field, thus far greater output power.

</p><p>Self-excited direct current dynamos commonly have a combination of series and parallel (shunt) field windings, which are directly supplied power by the rotor through the commutator in a regenerative manner. They are started and operated in a manner similar to modern portable alternating current electric generators, which are not used with other generators on an electric grid.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Self-start">Self-start</h4></div>

<p>At the very first run the dynamo machine is started by using external source of current such as battery.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lockwood_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockwood-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it was not operating a residual weak magnetic field always persisted in the iron cores of electromagnets. As the dynamo's rotor begun to rotate while not connected to an external load the residual magnetic field induced a very small electrical current into the rotor windings which in turn was supplied back to electromagnet windings. Even without an external load attached this small current was enough to produce magnetic filed so as to make rotor to produce even more current. In this manner, the self-exciting dynamo <i>builds up</i> its internal magnetic fields until it reaches its normal operating voltage. When it is able to produce sufficient current to sustain both its internal fields and an external load, it is ready to be used.

</p><p>A self-excited dynamo with insufficient residual magnetic field in the metal frame will not be able to produce any current in the rotor, regardless of what speed the rotor spins. This situation can also occur in modern self-excited portable generators, and is resolved for both types of generators in a similar manner, by applying a brief direct current battery charge to the output terminals of the stopped generator. The battery energizes the windings just enough to imprint the residual field, to enable building up the current. This is referred to as <i>flashing the field</i>.

</p><p>Both types of self-excited generator, which have been attached to a large external load while it was stationary, will not be able to build up voltage even if the residual field is present. The load acts as an energy sink and continuously drains away the small rotor current produced by the residual field, preventing magnetic field buildup in the field coil.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic">Historic</h3></div>

<p>Dynamos, usually driven by <a href="Steam_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam engines">steam engines</a>, were widely used in <a href="Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a> to generate electricity for industrial and domestic purposes. They have since been replaced by <a href="Alternator" title="Alternator">alternators</a>.

</p><p>Large industrial dynamos with series and parallel (shunt) windings can be difficult to use together in a power plant, unless either the rotor or field wiring or the mechanical drive systems are coupled together in certain special combinations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Dynamos were used in motor vehicles to generate electricity for battery charging. An early type was the <a href="Third-brush_dynamo" title="Third-brush dynamo">third-brush dynamo</a>. They have, again, been replaced by <a href="Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">alternators</a>, which are automatic versions of the dynamo.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3></div>

<p>Dynamos still have some uses in low power applications, particularly where low voltage <a href="Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> is required, since an <a href="Alternator" title="Alternator">alternator</a> with a <a href="Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> <a href="Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectifier</a> can be inefficient in these applications.

</p><p>Hand <a href="Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">cranked</a> dynamos are used in <a href="Clockwork_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Clockwork radio">clockwork radios</a>, <a href="Mechanically-powered_flashlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanically-powered flashlight">hand powered flashlights</a> and other <a href="Self-powered_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-powered equipment">human powered equipment</a> to recharge <a href="Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">batteries</a>.

</p><p>The generator used for <a href="Bicycle_lighting" title="Bicycle lighting">bicycle lighting</a> may be called a "dynamo" but these are almost always AC devices and so, strictly, would be called "alternators".

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Bottle_dynamo" title="Bottle dynamo">Bottle dynamo</a></li>

<li><a href="Hub_dynamo" title="Hub dynamo">Hub dynamo</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamo_theory" title="Dynamo theory">Dynamo theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Shunt_generator" title="Shunt generator">Shunt generator</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190921030523/https://edisontechcenter.org/generators.html">"Generators and Dynamos"</a>. <i>edisontechcenter.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edisontechcenter.org/generators.html">the original</a> on September 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-05-08</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Lockwood-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lockwood_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockwood_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockwood_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockwood_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockwood_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLockwood1883" class="citation book cs1">Lockwood, Thomas D. (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electricitymagn00unkngoog"><i>Electricity, Magnetism, and Electric Telegraphy</i></a>. D. Van Nostrand. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electricitymagn00unkngoog/page/n82">76</a>–77. <q>magneto-electric machine.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030915150232/http://fisicavolta.unipv.it/percorsi/biography.asp?nome=Antonio&cognome=Pacinotti&anno_i=1841&anno_f=1912">Anthology of Italian Physics, entry for Antonio Pacinotti, from the website of the University of Pavia</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birmingham Museums trust catalogue, accession number: 1889S00044</span>

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<li id="cite_note-thomas-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thomas_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1991" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, John Meurig (1991). <i>Michael Faraday and the Royal Institution: The Genius of Man and Place</i>. Bristol: Hilger. p. 51. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0750301457</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1973" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, L. B. (March 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03215178">"The early history of gold plating"</a>. <i>Gold Bulletin</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">16–</span>27. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03215178">10.1007/BF03215178</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Simon,_1998-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simon,_1998_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="Simon,_1998" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Andrew L. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/madeinhungaryhun0000simo/page/207"><i>Made in Hungary: Hungarian contributions to universal culture</i></a></span>. Simon Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/madeinhungaryhun0000simo/page/207">207</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-9665734-2-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304082159/http://www.mszh.hu/English/feltalalok/jedlik.html">"Ányos Jedlik biography"</a>. Hungarian Patent Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mszh.hu/English/feltalalok/jedlik.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAugustus_Heller1896" class="citation journal cs1">Augustus Heller (April 2, 1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&q=jedlik+dynamo+1827&pg=PA516">"Anianus Jedlik"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>53</b> (1379). Norman Lockyer: 516. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1896Natur..53..516H">1896Natur..53..516H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F053516a0">10.1038/053516a0</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Wilde, "Experimental researches into electricity and magnetism", <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society</i>, 1866, pp107-111.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Siemens1867-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siemens1867_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siemens1867_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSiemens1867" class="citation journal cs1">Siemens, Charles William (1867). "II. On the conversion of dynamical into electrical force without the aid of permanent magnetism". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>15</b>: <span class="nowrap">367–</span>369. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1866.0082">10.1098/rspl.1866.0082</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fink, Donald G. and H. Wayne Beaty (2007), <i>Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers</i>, Fifteenth Edition. McGraw Hill. Section 8, page 5. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-07-144146-9</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dynamoelectricm01thomgoog">Thompson, Sylvanus P. (1888), <i>Dynamo-electric machinery: a manual for students of electrotechnics</i></a>. London: E. & F.N. Spon. p. 140.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_La_Favre" class="citation web cs1">Jeffrey La Favre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lafavre.us/brush/dynamo.htm">"The Brush Dynamo"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110111040515/http://www.machine-history.com/Brush%20Electric%20Company">"The Brush Electric Light"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. 2 April 1881. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.machine-history.com/Brush%20Electric%20Company">the original</a> on 11 January 2011.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, L. Pearce, “Michael Faraday,” p. 296–298, Da Capo series, New York, N.Y. (1965).</span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Volker Leiste: 1867 – Fundamental report on dynamo-electric principle before the Prussian Academy of Sciences <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.siemens.com/history/en/news/1057_dynamoelectric_principles.htm">siemens.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901153901/https://www.siemens.com/history/en/news/1057_dynamoelectric_principles.htm">Archived</a> 2017-09-01 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dynamo-Electric Machinery</i>: A Manual for Students of Electrotechnics, by Silvanus P. Thompson, 1901, 8th American Edition, Ch. 31, <i>Management of Dynamos</i>, pp. 765–777, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=0Uk5AQAAMAAJ">Free digital access from Google Books</a>, Cite search method: "dynamo" "coupling" via Google Scholar</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dynamos" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Dynamos">Dynamos</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.siemens.com/global/en/company/about/history/news/dynamo-machine.html">The Electrification of the World – Werner von Siemens and the Dynamoelectric Principle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920023548/https://new.siemens.com/global/en/company/about/history/news/dynamo-machine.html">Archived</a> 2020-09-20 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Siemens Historical Institute</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Electric_machines473" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Electric_machine" title="Electric machine">Electric machines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>AC - <a href="Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">Alternating current</a></li>

<li>DC - <a href="Direct_current" title="Direct current">Direct current</a></li>

<li>PM - <a href="Magnet" title="Magnet">Permanent magnet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rotor_(electric)" title="Rotor (electric)">Rotor</a></li>

<li><a href="Stator" title="Stator">Stator</a></li>

<li><a href="Electromagnetic_coil" title="Electromagnetic coil">Winding</a>

<ul><li><a href="Armature_(electrical)" title="Armature (electrical)">Armature</a></li>

<li><a href="Field_coil" title="Field coil">Field coil</a></li>

<li><a href="Damper_winding" title="Damper winding">Damper winding</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">Commutator</a></li>

<li><a href="Brush_(electric)" title="Brush (electric)">Brush</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">Generators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AC_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="AC generator">AC generator</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alternator" title="Alternator">Alternator</a>

<ul><li><a href="Flux_switching_alternator" title="Flux switching alternator">Flux switching alternator</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_alternator" title="Linear alternator">Linear alternator</a></li>

<li><a href="Permanent_magnet_synchronous_generator" title="Permanent magnet synchronous generator">PM synchronous generator</a></li>

<li><a href="Magneto" title="Magneto">Magneto</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Induction_generator" title="Induction generator">Induction generator</a>

<ul><li><a href="Doubly_fed_induction_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubly fed induction generator">Doubly fed induction generator</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Single-phase_generator" title="Single-phase generator">Single-phase generator</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="DC_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="DC generator">DC generator</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="Homopolar_generator" title="Homopolar generator">Homopolar generator</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Motors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AC_motor" title="AC motor">AC motor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">Induction motor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shaded-pole_motor" title="Shaded-pole motor">Shaded-pole motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Dahlander_pole_changing_motor" title="Dahlander pole changing motor">Dahlander pole changing motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Wound_rotor_motor" title="Wound rotor motor">Wound rotor motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_induction_motor" title="Linear induction motor">Linear induction motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Doubly_fed_electric_machine" title="Doubly fed electric machine">Doubly fed electric machine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Synchronous_motor" title="Synchronous motor">Synchronous motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Repulsion_motor" title="Repulsion motor">Repulsion motor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="DC_motor" title="DC motor">DC motor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brushed_DC_electric_motor" title="Brushed DC electric motor">Brushed DC electric motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Brushless_DC_electric_motor" title="Brushless DC electric motor">Brushless DC electric motor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stepper_motor" title="Stepper motor">Stepper motor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Homopolar_motor" title="Homopolar motor">Homopolar motor</a>/<a href="Unipolar_motor" title="Unipolar motor">Unipolar motor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Universal_motor" title="Universal motor">Universal motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Reluctance_motor" title="Reluctance motor">Reluctance motor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Switched_reluctance_motor" title="Switched reluctance motor">Switched reluctance motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronous_reluctance_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous reluctance motor">Synchronous reluctance motor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Axial_flux_motor" title="Axial flux motor">Axial flux motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Radial_flux_motor" title="Radial flux motor">Radial flux motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Permanent_magnet_motor" title="Permanent magnet motor">PM motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual-rotor_motor" title="Dual-rotor motor">Dual-rotor motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">Linear motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Ball_bearing_motor" title="Ball bearing motor">Ball bearing motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrostatic_motor" title="Electrostatic motor">Electrostatic motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Piezoelectric_motor" title="Piezoelectric motor">Piezoelectric motor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ultrasonic_motor" title="Ultrasonic motor">Ultrasonic motor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Servomotor" title="Servomotor">Servomotor</a></li>

<li><a href="Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">Traction motor</a></li>

<li><a href="TEFC_motor" title="TEFC motor">TEFC motor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Motor_controller" title="Motor controller">Motor controllers</a> and<br>other accessories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AC-to-AC_converter" title="AC-to-AC converter">AC-to-AC converter</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cycloconverter" title="Cycloconverter">Cycloconverter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Amplidyne" title="Amplidyne">Amplidyne</a></li>

<li><a href="Motor_drive" title="Motor drive">Drives</a>

<ul><li><a href="Variable-frequency_drive" title="Variable-frequency drive">Variable-frequency drive</a>

<ul><li><a href="Direct_torque_control" title="Direct torque control">Direct torque control</a></li>

<li><a href="Vector_control_(motor)" title="Vector control (motor)">Vector control</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Metadyne" title="Metadyne">Metadyne</a></li>

<li><a href="Motor_soft_starter" title="Motor soft starter">Motor soft starter</a></li>

<li><a href="Ward_Leonard_control" title="Ward Leonard control">Ward Leonard control</a></li>

<li><a href="Braking_chopper" title="Braking chopper">Braking chopper</a></li>

<li><a href="DC_injection_braking" title="DC injection braking">DC injection brake module</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">History, education,<br>recreational use</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_electric_motor" title="Timeline of the electric motor">Timeline of the electric motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Barlow's_wheel" title="Barlow's wheel">Barlow's wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Lynch_motor" title="Lynch motor">Lynch motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Mendocino_motor" title="Mendocino motor">Mendocino motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Mouse_mill_motor" title="Mouse mill motor">Mouse mill motor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental, futuristic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coilgun" title="Coilgun">Coilgun</a></li>

<li><a href="Railgun" title="Railgun">Railgun</a></li>

<li><a href="Superconducting_electric_machine" title="Superconducting electric machine">Superconducting machine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blocked_rotor_test" title="Blocked rotor test">Blocked-rotor test</a></li>

<li><a href="Circle_diagram" title="Circle diagram">Circle diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Coil_winding_technology" title="Coil winding technology">Coil winding technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-circuit_test" title="Open-circuit test">Open-circuit test</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-loop_controller" title="Open-loop controller">Open-loop controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">Power-to-weight ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-phase_electric_power" title="Two-phase electric power">Two-phase system</a></li>

<li><a href="Inchworm_motor" title="Inchworm motor">Inchworm motor</a></li>

<li><a href="Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">Starter</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltage_controller" title="Voltage controller">Voltage controller</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">Arago</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Barlow_(mathematician)" title="Peter Barlow (mathematician)">Barlow</a></li>

<li><a href="Giuseppe_Domenico_Botto" title="Giuseppe Domenico Botto">Botto</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Davenport_(inventor)" title="Thomas Davenport (inventor)">Davenport</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Davidson_(inventor)" title="Robert Davidson (inventor)">Davidson</a></li>

<li><a href="Mikhail_Dolivo-Dobrovolsky" title="Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky">Dolivo-Dobrovolsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday</a></li>

<li><a href="Galileo_Ferraris" title="Galileo Ferraris">Ferraris</a></li>

<li><a href="Z%C3%A9nobe_Gramme" title="Zénobe Gramme">Gramme</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Henry</a></li>

<li><a href="Moritz_von_Jacobi" title="Moritz von Jacobi">Jacobi</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%81nyos_Jedlik" title="Ányos Jedlik">Jedlik</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Ørsted</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Pacinotti" title="Antonio Pacinotti">Pacinotti</a></li>

<li><a href="Hippolyte_Pixii" title="Hippolyte Pixii">Pixii</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Saxton" title="Joseph Saxton">Saxton</a></li>

<li><a href="Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Siemens</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_J._Sprague" title="Frank J. Sprague">Sprague</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz" title="Charles Proteus Steinmetz">Steinmetz</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Sturgeon" title="William Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internal_combustion_engine562" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Internal_combustion_engine562" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Engine_block" title="Engine block">Engine block</a> and<br> rotating assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Balance_shaft" title="Balance shaft">Balance shaft</a></li>

<li><a href="Block_heater" title="Block heater">Block heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li>

<li><a href="Crankcase" title="Crankcase">Crankcase</a></li>

<li><a href="Crankcase_ventilation_system" title="Crankcase ventilation system">Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)</a></li>

<li><a href="Crankpin" title="Crankpin">Crankpin</a></li>

<li><a href="Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li>

<li><a href="Core_plug" title="Core plug">Core plug (freeze plug)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a> (<a href="Cylinder_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bank">bank</a>, <a href="Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">layout</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">Displacement</a></li>

<li><a href="Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Firing_order" title="Firing order">Firing order</a></li>

<li><a href="Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li>

<li><a href="Main_bearing" title="Main bearing">Main bearing</a></li>

<li><a href="Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li>

<li><a href="Piston_ring" title="Piston ring">Piston ring</a></li>

<li><a href="Starter_ring_gear" title="Starter ring gear">Starter ring gear</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Valvetrain" title="Valvetrain">Valvetrain</a> and<br> <a href="Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">Cylinder head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">Flathead layout</a></li>

<li><a href="Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">Overhead camshaft layout</a></li>

<li><a href="Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve (pushrod) layout</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Tappet" title="Tappet">Tappet / lifter</a></li>

<li><a href="Camshaft" title="Camshaft">Camshaft</a></li>

<li><a href="Chest_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Chest (mechanical engineering)">Chest</a></li>

<li><a href="Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">Combustion chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">Compression ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Head_gasket" title="Head gasket">Head gasket</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">Rocker arm</a></li>

<li><a href="Timing_belt_(camshaft)" title="Timing belt (camshaft)">Timing belt</a></li>

<li><a href="Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Valve</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">Forced induction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blowoff_valve" title="Blowoff valve">Blowoff valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Boost_controller" title="Boost controller">Boost controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercooler</a></li>

<li><a href="Supercharger" title="Supercharger">Supercharger</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharger</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuel system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Carburetor" title="Carburetor">Carburetor</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuel_filter" title="Fuel filter">Fuel filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Fuel injection</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">Ignition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">Magneto</a></li>

<li><a href="Compression_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression ignition">Compression ignition</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributor" title="Distributor">Distributor</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignition_coil" title="Ignition coil">Ignition coil</a></li>

<li><a href="Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">Spark plug</a></li>

<li><a href="Spark_plug_wires" title="Spark plug wires">Spark plug wires</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Engine management</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Engine_control_unit" title="Engine control unit">Engine control unit (ECU)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Electrical system</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">Alternator</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Battery</a></li>

<li><a href="Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">Starter motor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intake system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airbox" title="Airbox">Airbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_filter#Internal_combustion_engine_air_filters" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Idle_air_control_actuator" title="Idle air control actuator">Idle air control actuator</a></li>

<li><a href="Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">Inlet manifold</a></li>

<li><a href="MAP_sensor" title="MAP sensor">MAP sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_flow_sensor" title="Mass flow sensor">MAF sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Throttle_position_sensor" title="Throttle position sensor">Throttle position sensor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">Exhaust system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converter</a></li>

<li><a href="Diesel_particulate_filter" title="Diesel particulate filter">Diesel particulate filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Exhaust_gas_temperature_gauge" title="Exhaust gas temperature gauge">EGT sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Exhaust_manifold" title="Exhaust manifold">Exhaust manifold</a></li>

<li><a href="Muffler" title="Muffler">Muffler</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygen_sensor#Automotive_applications" title="Oxygen sensor">Oxygen sensor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">Cooling system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">Air cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Water cooling</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Electric fan</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">Radiator</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Fan_clutch" title="Fan clutch">Viscous fan (fan clutch)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lubrication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">Oil filter</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">Knocking / pinging</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_band" title="Power band">Power band</a></li>

<li><a href="Redline" title="Redline">Redline</a></li>

<li><a href="Stratified_charge_engine" title="Stratified charge engine">Stratified charge</a></li>

<li><a href="Dead_centre_(engineering)" title="Dead centre (engineering)">Top dead centre</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Portal%3ACars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li>

<li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719861#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata868" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719861#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata868" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4133265-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Electric machinery--Direct current"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85041811">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007535937005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/14eefc55-97b1-47e7-9ab9-0372c0abf8bb">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-25" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Dynamo&oldid=1297382805">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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